| 《天然》（20260507出版）一周论文导读 |
编译|未玖
Nature,出版 7 May 2026, Volume 653, Issue 8113
《天然》2026年5月7日 ，第653卷 ，周论8113期
地舆学Astronomy
Charge-dependent spectral softenings of primary cosmic rays below the knee
膝区以下初级宇宙射线的文导电荷依托性光谱硬化
▲ 作者 ：The DAMPE Collaboration
▲链接 ：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10472-0
▲摘要：
在除夜除夜都粒子加快或撒播幻想中 ，由加快极限或撒播相位改削招致的读旧宇宙射线光谱特点是电荷依托性的 。可是事科 ，交互场景但凡展示出质量依托的学网光谱特点 。因难堪以测量单个粒子直至极高能段的出版能谱 ，如今仍窘蹙对天然界中幻想下场哪一种相干理论起感染的周论不美不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅考验证 。
研究组基于“暗物质粒子探测器”9年的文导在轨数据 ，报导了碳 、读旧氧和铁能谱在约20吉伏至约100太伏（铁为60太伏）能量局限内的事科直接测量下场 。并初度在这些能谱中直接探测到较着的学网光谱硬化气候。
连络更新的出版质子和氦光谱，这类光谱硬化普及涌如今约15太伏的周论刚度处。当信赖程度高于99.999%时 ，文导光谱硬化与核子质量相干的假定被消弭 。研究组构和了这些下场的大年夜大年夜约诠释 ，包含邻近存在宇宙射线源和其他模型（如撒播效应） 。
▲ Abstract ：
In most particle acceleration or propagation theories, the characteristic features of the cosmic ray spectra due to acceleration limits or propagation phase changes are charge-dependent. Alternatively, the interaction scenario would expect mass-dependent spectral features in general. The observational verification of which relation takes effect in nature is still lacking because of the difficulty in measuring the spectra of individual particles up to very high energies. Here we report direct measurements of the carbon, oxygen and iron spectra from about 20?gigavolts to around 100?teravolts (60?teravolts for iron) with 9?years of on-orbit data collected by the Dark Matter Particle Explorer. Distinct spectral softenings have been directly detected in these spectra for the first time, to our knowledge. Combined with the updated proton and helium spectra, the spectral softening appears universally at a rigidity of about 15?teravolts. A nuclei-mass-dependent softening is rejected at a confidence level of >99.999%. Possible interpretations of these results, including a nearby cosmic ray source and other models such as the propagation effect, are discussed.
物理学Physics
Quantum coherent manipulation and readout of superconducting vortex states
超导涡旋态的量子相干独霸与读取
▲ 作者 ：Ameya Nambisan, Simon Günzler, Dennis Rieger, Nicolas Gosling, Simon Geisert, Victor Carpentier, et al.
▲链接 ：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10441-7
▲摘要 ：
超导体的一个决意性特点是其偏向于排斥磁场 ，可是在超出某一临界阈值时 ，磁通量会以阿布里科索夫涡旋携带的聚会量子编制穿透进进。
涡旋中心处的超导能隙无缺被阻拦 ，使其成为耗散的半经典实体 ，从而影响到从高电流密度导线到量子器件等各类独霸。
因为在相干长度标准上存在本征或出现的颗粒性，材料无序可以驱动一种在中心处保管能隙的涡旋改削 。当然在这类有效地道结机制中大年夜大年夜约展示量子涡旋行动 ，且学界在不合琐细中也已不美不美不雅察到相干特点，但还没有完成对涡旋态的相干操控。
研究组供给的证据注解 ，陷在颗粒超导薄膜中的涡旋可默示为二能级琐细，揭显露微秒量级的量子相干性和抵达几分之一毫秒的能量弛豫时分 。
独霸电路量子电动力学的编制，研究组在颗粒铝微波谐振器中完成了对涡旋态的相干操控和量子非破坏读取 ，这预示着量子信息措置 、材料表征和传感等局限的将来展开标的方针 。
▲ Abstract ：
A defining characteristic of superconductors is their tendency to expel magnetic fields, yet above a critical threshold, magnetic flux penetrates in discrete quanta carried by Abrikosov vortices. The superconducting gap is completely suppressed at the vortex core, rendering them dissipative, semi-classical entities that impact applications from high-current-density wires to quantum devices. Material disorder can drive a crossover to vortices that preserve an energy gap at the core, owing to intrinsic5 or emergent granularity on the scale of the coherence length. Although quantum vortex behaviour could emerge in this effective tunnel-junction regime, and signatures have been observed in diverse systems, coherent manipulation of vortex states has remained elusive. Here we present evidence that vortices trapped in granular superconducting films can behave as two-level systems, exhibiting microsecond-range quantum coherence and energy relaxation times that reach fractions of a millisecond. Using the tools of circuit quantum electrodynamics, we perform coherent manipulation and quantum non-demolition readout of vortex states in granular aluminium microwave resonators, heralding future directions for quantum information processing, materials characterization and sensing.
材料科学Materials Science
Triple-junction solar cells with improved carrier and photon management
优化载流子与光子调控的三结太阳能电池
▲ 作者 ：Kerem Artuk, Deniz Turkay, Austin Kuba, Stefan Riemelmoser, Julian A. Steele, Julien Hurni, et al.
▲链接 ：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10385-y
▲摘要：
钙钛矿-硅三结光伏器件比照双结器件可较着屈就，但价值是宏壮性添加 。
研究组措置了钙钛矿-硅基三结太阳电池中的两个关头瓶颈问题 ：宽带隙（WBG）顶电池的开路电压（VOC）降低 ，和中心电池的光生电流受限 。
非挥发性添加剂4-羟基苄胺（HBA）可以调控WBG钙钛矿的结晶过程并钝化偏向 ，促进定向展开并阻拦非辐射复合。连络改进的能级对齐 ，该计策完成了高达1.405 V的VOC ，并汲引了晃荡性 。
为阻拦中心电池的电流限制问题，研究组采取三步聚积计策来构成较厚的窄带隙钙钛矿领受层 ，同时贯穿连接微不美不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅筹划无缺性并加强电子提取 。
此外 ，蕴躲堆集在纹理化硅底电池前谷区的低折射率SiOx纳米颗粒（SiOx-np）可作为光学中心反射层 ，加强了中心电池的光领受 。研究组将上述盼看集成到1 cm2的钙钛矿-钙钛矿-硅器件中，幻想下场掉落踪掉落踪了30.02%的认证屈就 。
▲ Abstract ：
Perovskite–silicon triple-junction photovoltaics offer efficiency gains beyond dual-junction devices but at the expense of added complexity. Here we address two key bottlenecks in perovskite–silicon-based triple-junction solar cells: reduced open-circuit voltage (VOC) in the wide-bandgap (WBG) top cell and limited photocurrent generation in the middle cell. A non-volatile additive, 4-hydroxybenzylamine (HBA), regulates WBG perovskite crystallization and passivates defects, promoting oriented growth and suppressing non-radiative recombination. Together with improved energy-level alignment, this yields VOCs of up to 1.405 V and enhanced stability. To overcome the current limitations in the middle cell, a three-step deposition strategy enables the formation of thick, low-bandgap perovskite absorbers while preserving microstructural integrity and enhancing electron extraction. Also, low-refractive-index SiOx-nanoparticles (SiOx-np) that accumulate in the front valleys of the textured silicon bottom cell act as an optical middle reflector, enhancing light absorption in the middle cell. These advances are then combined in 1-cm2perovskite–perovskite–silicon devices, achieving a certified efficiency of 30.02%.
化学Chemistry
Electronic origin of reorganization energy in inte***cial electron transfer
界面电子转移中重组能的电子劈脸
▲ 作者 ：Sonal Maroo, Leonardo Coello Escalante, Yizhe Wang, Matthew P. Erodici, Jonathon N. Nessralla, Ayana Tabo, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10311-2
▲摘要 ：
电子转移（ET）回响是生物和非生物琐细中能量转换与化学转化的根本 。任何ET过程的屈就都依托于在最好驱动力局限内完成所需的ET速度 。
Marcus幻想供给了一个微不美不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅框架 ，用以邃晓ET中活化逍遥能（进而邃晓其速度）与一个关头参数（重组能）之间的相干 。
在带电固液界面 ，经久以来人们普及认为 ，只需电解质相中的要素决意了重组能 ，而电极的电子态密度（DOS）仅决意ET的热力学可及通道数量 。
可是 ，研究组注解 ，电极DOS在调控重组能方面起着中心感染 ，其次要性远超传统认知 。独霸原子层状异质筹划，研究组调控了石墨烯的DOS并测量了外层ET动力学 。下场创作创造 ，由此激起的ET速度改削源于与电极中图象电位局域化相干的重组能较着调制 。
这项工作从头定义了非均相ET动力学的传统范式 ，揭穿了电极电子筹划在界面回响性中更深层次的感染 。
▲ Abstract ：
Electron transfer (ET) reactions underpin energy conversion and chemical transformations in both biological and abiological systems. The efficiency of any ET process relies on achieving a desired ET rate within an optimal driving force range. Marcus theory provides a microscopic framework for understanding the activation free energy—and therefore the rate—of ET in terms of a key parameter: the reorganization energy. For electrified solid–liquid inte***ces, it has long been conventionally understood that only factors in the electrolyte phase are responsible for determining the reorganization energy and that the electronic density of states (DOS) of the electrode only serves to dictate the number of thermally accessible channels for ET. Here we show instead that the electrode DOS plays a central role in governing the reorganization energy, far outweighing its conventionally assumed role. Using atomically layered heterostructures, we tune the DOS of graphene and measure outer-sphere ET kinetics. We find the ensuing variation in ET rate arises from strong modulation in a reorganization energy associated with image potential localization in the electrode. Here we redefine the traditional paradigm of heterogeneous ET kinetics, revealing a deeper role of the electrode electronic structure in inte***cial reactivity.
Decarboxylative alkylation of alkenes
烯烃的脱羧烷基化
▲ 作者 ：Triptesh Kumar Roy, Federico Maria Tamborini, Roland Petzold, Jianhan Fu, Yiben Tang & Tobias Ritter
▲链接 ：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10463-1
▲摘要 ：
烯烃是分化化学中普及独霸的官能团 ，抵花费聚合物 、清洗剂 、农用化学品及药物相当次要。烯烃与亲电试剂回响时 ，但凡产生发火加成而非庖代回响。
是以 ，化学家的对象箱中贫窭一种直不美不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅不雅的逆分化割断编制 ：即从母体烯烃解缆构建庖代烯烃。比如，将三庖代烯烃转化为四庖代烯烃 ，或对宏壮烯烃举办后期烷基化 ，将可以掉落踪掉落踪如今难以构建的分子 。
烯烃交错复分化回响可对契合庖代的烯烃完成编制烷基化 ，但其非对映选择性和烯烃-烷基的组合仅限于特定气候，并且多类烯烃（如内烯烃或环烯烃）没法经由过程已知编制随便完成烷基化 。
研究组报导了一种烯烃的编制上区域选择性和非对映选择性的C-H烷基化回响 ，独霸品种单一 、易于掉落踪掉落踪的羧酸作为烷根本源 。
该编制的关头在于一种极性脱羧烷基化路途 ，它不合于现有基于羧酸衍生物逍遥基介导的C-C键构成模型 ，而是依托于一种此前未被正视的路途 ：从氧化恢回生性酯生成经久性烷基锌中心体 。
经由过程钯催化的烷基锌物种与由烯烃制备的烯基噻蒽盐的交错偶联，研究组完成了高非对映选择性掉落踪掉落踪庖代烯烃 。该转化可完成对具有不合烷基的环状 、非环状 、末尾 、内部 、单庖代 、二庖代及三庖代烯烃的烷基化 。
▲ Abstract：
Alkenes are widely used functional groups in synthetic chemistry, important for producing polymers, detergents, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. When treated with electrophiles, alkenes typically undergo addition, not substitution, reactions. As a consequence, the intuitive retrosynthetic disconnection to form a substituted alkene from the parent alkene does not exist in the toolbox of the chemist. For example, conversion of tri-substituted into tetra-substituted alkenes, or late-stage alkylation of complex alkenes, would provide access to molecules that are currently difficult to construct. Alkene cross-metathesis can formally alkylate appropriately substituted alkenes, but diastereoselectivity and alkene–alkyl combinations are restricted to specific cases, and several classes of alkenes, such as internal or cyclic alkenes, cannot be readily alkylated with known methods. Here we report a formal regio- and diastereoselective C?H alkylation of alkenes with carboxylic acids as alkyl source, readily available in large diversity. Key to the development is a polar decarboxylative alkylation that deviates from the current model of radical-mediated C?C bond formation from carboxylic acid derivatives, enabled by a previously unappreciated access to persistent alkylzinc intermediates from redox-active esters. A Pd-catalysed cross-coupling of the alkylzinc species with alkenyl thianthrenium salts accessed from alkenes affords the substituted alkenes in high diastereoselectivity. The transformation offers alkylation of cyclic, acyclic, terminal, internal, mono-substituted, di-substituted and tri-substituted alkenes with diverse alkyl groups.
地球科学Earth Science
Uncertain dynamic response of mid-latitude winter precipitation
中纬度夏季降水的不竭定性动力学照顾
▲ 作者：Lei Gu, Dominik L. Schumacher, Sebastian Sippel, Erich M. Fischer, Istvan Dunkl, Robin Noyelle, et al.
▲链接 ：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10474-y
▲摘要 ：
邃晓降水改削对人类社会与生态琐细相当次要 。已有研究了了了酬报强逼亲善象笼统内部变率对降水趋势的各自供献 ，但不美不美不雅察和模仿编制之间仍存在不合。
在北半球夏季 ，这类不合但凡被回因于主导不美不美不雅察趋势的非强逼性气候笼统内部变率 。不过 ，愈来愈多的证据也注解，气候笼统模型低估了降水对酬报强逼的集团照顾 。
研究组创作创造 ，气候笼统模型可以较好重现降水改削的热力学供献 ，而动力学供献则会展示较除夜偏向 。
该研究经由历程度局1950年—2022年夏季降水趋势中酬报强逼的热力学分量 、动力学分量与气候笼统内部变率 ，根究三者对趋势不合的影响机制 。在地中海区域 ，气候笼统模型模仿掉落踪掉落踪的强逼动力学旗子记号仅能诠释约10%的不美不美不雅察动力学趋势 ，探测难度陡增。
在延续酬报排放气候下 ，预估的除夜气环流照顾加重 ，更接近不美不美不雅察到的趋势编制 。
当然不美不美不雅察记实中的气候笼统内部变率大年夜大年夜约助推了这类近似性 ，但研究下场注解 ，动力学照顾在塑造区域夏季降水趋势中具有不竭定但埋伏的新兴感染 。在气候笼统模型中精准揭穿酬报强逼下的除夜标准除夜气环流照顾 ，仍是汲引区域降水预估可托度的关头地址。
▲ Abstract ：
Understanding changes in precipitation is crucial for society and ecosystems. Studies have documented the respective contributions of anthropogenic forcing and internal variability to precipitation trends, yet discrepancies persist between observed and simulated patterns. In Northern Hemisphere winter, these mismatches are often attributed to unforced internal variability that dominates observed trends. However, growing evidence also indicates that climate models underestimate the total response of precipitation to human forcings. Here we show that the thermodynamic contribution is broadly reproduced by climate models, whereas the dynamic contribution can diverge more substantially. Our approach disentangles the anthropogenic forced thermodynamic and dynamic components from internal variability in winter precipitation trends (1950–2022) to investigate their contribution to the trend discrepancies. In the Mediterranean, the forced dynamic signal from model simulations explains only about 10% of the observed dynamic trend, *** detection challenging. Under continued anthropogenic emissions, the projected circulation response intensifies and more closely resembles observed trend patterns. Although internal variability in the observed record may contribute to this similarity, the results indicate an uncertain yet potentially emerging role of dynamic response in shaping regional winter precipitation trends. A reliable representation of the forced large-scale circulation response in climate models remains key for increasing confidence in regional precipitation projections.
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